The main challenge here lies in devising a mathematically acceptable proof of this impossibility, which is where the foundations for what we today know as graph theory.

Thomas E. Dilts, Peter J. Weisberg, Philip Leitner, Marjorie D. Matocq, Richard D. Inman, Kenneth E. Nussear, Todd C. Esque, Multiscale connectivity and graph theory ...

Rough path theory provides a rigorous framework to analyse differential equations driven by highly irregular signals, such as those encountered in stochastic differential equations (SDEs).