Learn how to calculate Value at Risk (VaR) to effectively assess financial risks in portfolios, using historical, variance-covariance, and Monte Carlo methods.

In essence, expected value looks at how much you're expected to earn by playing a game of chance. Conveniently, Powerball publishes their probabilities so we can easily calculate the chance.

P-value is the level of marginal significance within a statistical hypothesis test, representing the probability of the occurrence of a given event.

Whether you’re calculating the expected return of an individual stock or an entire portfolio, the formula depends on getting your assumptions right.