Gradually, abstraction became the guiding principle in software development trends, giving birth to object-oriented programming (OOP) and languages like Java and Python.

The abstract keyword can be used in different ways for writing java classes to implement abstraction. We can have: 1.An abstract class with one or more abstract method (s) ...

Figure 1 shows the individual execution times for the three Java virtual machines I used with M=10,000 and N=4,000. Figure 1. Data Abstraction Penalty Benchmark results. As you can see from Table 1 ...